Паническо разстройство, Психични разстройства

Паническо разстройство или т.нар паник атаки представлява повтарящи се епизоди на интензивен ирационален страх, паника, тревожност или безпокойство. Паническото разстройство (ПР) се състои от рекурентни, неочаквани панически/тревожни атаки (пристъпи) най-малко един път месечно, придружени от постоянна загриженост за появата на нов пристъп, страх от последствията от нов пристъп.

Проявата на поне 4 от 13-те характерни симптома на паническо разстройство са признак на паник атаки:

(1) палпитации, силно сърцебиене или ускорена сърдечна честота;
(2) изпотяване;
(3) треперене или разтърсване на тялото;
(4) усещания за задух или задавяне;
(5) усещане за задушаване;
(6) болка в гърдите или дискомфорт;
(7) гадене или абдоминален дистрес;
(8) усещане за замаяност, нестабилност, световъртеж или припадане;
(9) дереализация (чувство за нереалност) или деперсонализация (усещане
сякаш за отделяне извън тялото);
(10) страх от загуба на контрол или полудяване;
(11) страх от смърт;
(12) парестезии (вкочаненост или усещания за тръпнене);
(13) студени тръпки или горещи вълни.

За да се постави дигноза паническо разстройство, в рамките на един месец след паническия пристъп трябва да е налице междупристъпна тревожност с очаквания на следващ пристъп или отбягващо поведение.

Паническите атаки имат внезапно начало, обикновено достигат връх към 10-а минута и приключват за около 30 мин, но могат да бъдат и по-кратки (15 сек) или циклични, понякога продължаващи с часове. Те възникват при поне 10% от възрастните годишно, 2 – 3 пъти по-често при жените. При 2 до 3% от засегнатите се развива паническо разстройство. При паническите атаки или пристъпи се изживяват епизоди на силна неконтулируема тревожност. Обикновено те приемат формата на внезапна поява на интензивен страх, придружен от когнитивни и соматични (телесни) явления. Страдащият се опасява, че ще бъде сполетян от някакво нещастие – сърдечна смърт, полудяване или някаква безименна заплаха.

Единична паническа атака не означава задължително паническо разстройство, но често след като е възникнала такава, се изпада в порочен кръг и страхът от паническа атака води до нарастващо безпокойство. В някои от случаите се развива агорафобия и хората започват да избягват места или събития, които предизвикват паническа атака.

Когнитивно-поведенческата терапия е изключително ефективен метод за намаляване на честотата и силата на паническите атаки и за трайното им премахване.

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