Психични разстройства, Разстройства на настроението

Афективни разстройства са разстройствата на настроението. Тревожност, депресивност и приповдигнатост на настроението са елементи от клинично значими симптоми на афективните разстройства. Симптомите на тревожност и безпокойство са сред най-разпространените психични симптоми. Според три съвремени изследвания тревожните състояния засягат 2 до 4% мъжете и 3 до 4,5% жените.

Към тази група афективни разстройства, спадат следните нозологични единици:

  • Маниен епизод;
  • Биполярно афективно разстройство;
  • Депресивен епизод;
  • Рецидивиращо депресивно разстройство;
  • Персистиращи разстройства на настроението [афективни разстройства];
  • Други разстройства на настроението [афективни разстройства];
  • Разстройство на настроението [афективно разстройство], неуточнено.

Биполярно разстройство – представлява манийно-депресивно разстройство, съпроводено от висок приток на енергия, неспокойствие, приказливост и неограничен оптимизъм. Обикновено накрая се изпада в тежка депресия. Биполярните разстройства се характеризират с трайни промени в настроението в посока – от потиснатост и тъга или приповдигнатост, експанзивност и раздразнителност.

Депресивно разстройство – включва липса на настроение, загуба на апетит, умора и чувство на вина. Депресивните разстройства се делят на:

  • Голямо депресивно разстройство – характеризира се с един или повече депресивни епизоди, които обикновено са следвани от периоди на съхранено социални и професионално функциониране;
  • Персистиращо депресивно разстройство – характеризира се с трайно потиснато настроение в по-голямата част на деня за срок по-голям от две години;
  • Предменструално дисфорично разстройство – характеризира се с наличието на изразени афективни симптоми по време на последната седмица от менструалния цикъл, които затихват или напълно се разрешават по време на първата седмица след началото на менструацията. Тези симптоми са налице през повечето менструални цикли през последната година и включват изразена лабилност на настроението, раздразнителност, потиснато настроение, тревожност и напрежение. Допълнително налице могат да бъдат понижен интерес към обичайните дейности, трудности в концентрацията, уморяемост, нарушения на съня и апетита, както и физически симптоми – увеличаване и чувствителност на гърдите, ставни и мускулни болки, чувство за подуване и др.

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